For example, he was said to be a representative of conservative reaction. He was also criticised for this in different ways. Without doubt, the international protests in 1909 against the execution of the Europe-wide renowned pedagogue Francisco Ferrer y Guardia (1859–1909) 3 were the impetus for Juderías to write his work. – In a word, we understand by the leyenda negra the legend of an inquisitorial Spain, ignorant, fanatical, incapable of existing among cultivated peoples today as in the past, always prepared for violent repressions, the enemy of progress and innovation or, in other words, the legend which began to spread in the 16th century because of the Reformation that has been repeatedly used against us since then, above all at critical moments in the development of our state. This is how it sounded in the words of Juderías: By the leyenda negra we understand the atmosphere created by the fantastical stories about our fatherland, which have seen the light of publicity in almost all countries the grotesque descriptions made again and again of the character of the Spanish as individuals and as a collective the denial or at least the systematic ignoring of everything that is advantageous and honourable in the various manifestations of our culture and art the accusations constantly levelled against Spain for this purpose which are based on depictions of events that are exaggerated, incorrectly interpreted or indeed entirely false, and finally the claim found in books that at first sight seem respectable and truthful, which is repeatedly reproduced, commentated upon and magnified in the foreign press, that our fatherland should be seen as a lamentable exception among the group of European nations with regard to tolerance, culture and political development. In his essay, Juderías concluded that ever since the 16th century a Hispanophobia had existed which posited the Spanish as intolerant, brutal and fanatical and demonised their supposedly negative behavioural patterns for propagandistic reasons. At a time when the blame for the decline of the Spanish world power was being accorded solely to external enemies, and the nation seemed to be suffering from a collective inferiority complex, it was not impractical to look for an explanation for this situation in early centuries and prove that domestic and foreign enemies had always sought to drag Spain's glorious past through the mud, minimise the great successes in Spanish history or even invert them into negatives. In 1909, the latter reached a temporary climax in the so-called Semana Trágica, the "tragic week" in August during which many people died in clashes between workers and the Spanish army in Barcelona and Catalonia. Juderías wrote his work at a time when Spain was in deep crisis, not only due to the loss of the last parts of its empire in 18, but also because of the numerous social conflicts within the country. In 1917, Juderías published a completely revised edition, which was repeatedly reprinted – the last time in 2003, and created with his work a term that from that point onwards was a fixed part of the repertoire not only of historiography, but also of journalism and other humanities. Estudios acerca del concepto de España en el extranjero 1 ("The Black Legend. His winning text first appeared in five parts between 19 in this journal and then as a monograph in 1914 under the title La leyenda negra. In 1913, a functionary of the Spanish foreign ministry, Julián Juderías y Loyot (1877–1918), received a prize from the weekly La Ilustración Española y Americana for the best work describing the image of Spain abroad. ![]() Therefore, it almost seems strange that the concept itself only emerged in the 20th century. In addition, it also creates the impression that outside " Spain" people have been systematically talking badly of the "Spanish" ever since the beginning of the early modern period. Even this short and not very illuminating statement shows clearly that the leyenda negra is primarily a negative concept. The Emergence of the Concept of the Leyenda NegraĪccording to the Diccionario de la Real Academia Española, the leyenda negra, the black legend, is an anti-Spanish disposition that has spread since the 16th century. See also the article "Les catholiques et l’Europe au xixe siècle" in the EHNE. Rezeption der griechisch-römischen Medizin*Īntiquity as a Model in Discourses on Art* ![]() Istanbul as a hub of early modern European diplomacy ![]() Islam-Christian Transfers of Military Technology British and American Constitutional Models
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